FAA Part 91 (General Aviation)
Last reviewed · By Chad Griffith
14 CFR Part 91 ('General Operating and Flight Rules') is the foundational FAA regulation for civil aircraft operations in the United States. Part 91 applies by default to all aircraft operations not governed by more specific operating rules (Part 121, 125, 129, 133, 135, 137). It covers pilot duty requirements, aircraft airworthiness, maintenance and inspection schedules, instrument and equipment requirements, IFR/VFR operating rules, and recordkeeping. Most general aviation pilots, corporate flight departments, and private aircraft owners operate under Part 91. Annual inspection cycle (12 calendar months) is the most-common Part 91 maintenance trigger.
Frequently Asked Questions
Who operates under Part 91?
Most non-commercial aircraft operations: private pilots flying their own aircraft, corporate flight departments not engaged in commercial transportation, flight schools (combined with Part 61 instructor rules), and many specialty operations not governed by Part 121, 125, 133, 135, or 137. Commercial operations involving compensation typically operate under Part 135 (charter), Part 121 (airline), or Part 137 (agricultural).
What is a 100-hour inspection vs annual inspection?
Per Section 91.409: An annual inspection is required every 12 calendar months for all aircraft. A 100-hour inspection is additionally required for aircraft used 'for hire' (commercial operations or rental) — required every 100 hours of operation. Most non-commercial aircraft only need annual inspections. Both inspections must be performed by an A&P with Inspection Authorization (IA) or by a properly equipped repair station.
What is required for VFR flight under Part 91?
Per Section 91.205, day VFR requires: airspeed indicator, altimeter, magnetic compass, tachometer for each engine, oil pressure gauge for each engine using pressure system, temperature gauge for each liquid-cooled engine, oil temperature gauge for each air-cooled engine, manifold pressure gauge for each altitude engine, fuel gauge for each tank, landing gear position indicator (if retractable), anti-collision light system (US-built aircraft after 1996), seat belts and shoulder harnesses, ELT (with limited exceptions), and aviation pollution requirements. Night VFR adds position lights, anti-collision light, electric source, and spare fuses.
How long must Part 91 maintenance records be retained?
Per Section 91.417: Total time in service permanently; current status of life-limited parts permanently; current inspection status retained 1 year after work superseded; AD compliance status retained 1 year after work repeated; major repairs and alterations permanently. Pilot logbooks under Section 61.51 retained sufficient to demonstrate aeronautical experience and currency.
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